Supreme Court & High Courts of India – Complete Guide for GK

 

The Supreme Court and High Courts form the backbone of the Indian judicial system, serving as guardians of the Constitution and protectors of citizens' Fundamental Rights. For aspirants targeting UPSC, SSC, Banking, Railways, State PSC, and police examinations, Indian Judiciary GK is a high-weightage segment within Indian Polity. Established on 28 January 1950, the Supreme Court stands as the apex court of India, deciding landmark constitutional matters, inter-state disputes, and issuing prerogative writs under Article 32. Meanwhile, High Courts exercise supervisory jurisdiction over subordinate courts and hold broader writ powers under Article 226 for Fundamental Rights as well as other legal remedies.

To simplify your exam preparation, we have compiled a complete set of Supreme Court and High Court GK Questions and Answers. This guide covers core constitutional articles, qualifications and tenure of judges, judicial review, landmark writs, and comparative tables. We have also added a dedicated Assam & Northeast Judiciary section (covering the Gauhati High Court) to provide an edge for regional recruitment tests.

Supreme Court & High Court 

Topic	Supreme Court of India	High Courts of India
Constitutional Basis	Articles 124–147	Articles 214–231
Position in Judiciary	It is the highest court of India.	It is the highest court at the State level, subject to the Supreme Court’s authority.
Establishment	The Supreme Court came into existence on 28 January 1950.	The Constitution provides for a High Court for each State under Article 214, while Parliament may establish a common High Court for two or more States or for States and a Union Territory under Article 231.
Head	The court is headed by the Chief Justice of India (CJI).	Each High Court is headed by a Chief Justice.
Appointment of Judges	Supreme Court judges are appointed by the President of India under Article 124.	High Court judges are appointed by the President of India under Article 217, after the constitutionally prescribed consultation process.
Retirement Age of Judges	Supreme Court judges retire at 65 years.	High Court judges retire at 62 years.
Court of Record	Article 129 declares the Supreme Court a Court of Record.	Article 215 declares every High Court a Court of Record.
Writ Jurisdiction	Under Article 32, the Supreme Court can issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.	Under Article 226, High Courts can issue writs for Fundamental Rights and for other legal purposes.
Original Jurisdiction	It has original jurisdiction in certain disputes between the Union and States or between States under Article 131.	Its original jurisdiction depends on the Constitution and laws applicable to the particular High Court.
Appellate Jurisdiction	It hears appeals from High Courts and other courts and tribunals as provided by the Constitution and law.	It hears appeals from subordinate courts within its jurisdiction.
Advisory Jurisdiction	The President may refer questions of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court under Article 143.	High Courts do not have a corresponding advisory jurisdiction under the Constitution.
Superintendence	The Supreme Court has constitutional authority over the judicial system, but Article 227 superintendence specifically applies to High Courts over courts and tribunals within their jurisdiction.	Under Article 227, every High Court has superintendence over courts and tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction, subject to constitutional limitations.

Quick Note: The Supreme Court is the apex court of India, while High Courts operate at the State or common-jurisdiction level. For exams, remember the key constitutional pairs: Article 124 – Supreme Court, Article 214 – High Courts, Article 129 – Supreme Court as Court of Record, Article 215 – High Court as Court of Record, Article 32 – Supreme Court writs, and Article 226 – High Court writs.

Important Constitutional Articles

Article	Provision	Court
Article 124	Establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 125	Salaries, etc., of Supreme Court judges	Supreme Court
Article 126	Appointment of an acting Chief Justice of India	Supreme Court
Article 127	Appointment of ad hoc judges of the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 128	Attendance of retired judges at sittings of the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 129	Supreme Court to be a Court of Record	Supreme Court
Article 130	Seat of the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 131	Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 132	Appellate jurisdiction in constitutional cases	Supreme Court
Article 133	Appellate jurisdiction in civil matters	Supreme Court
Article 134	Appellate jurisdiction in criminal matters	Supreme Court
Article 134A	Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 136	Special Leave to Appeal	Supreme Court
Article 137	Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 138	Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 139	Power to confer additional powers to issue certain writs	Supreme Court
Article 139A	Transfer of certain cases	Supreme Court
Article 140	Ancillary powers of the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 141	Law declared by the Supreme Court to be binding on all courts	Supreme Court
Article 142	Enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 143	Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 144	Authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 145	Rules of Court	Supreme Court
Article 146	Officers and servants of the Supreme Court and expenses	Supreme Court
Article 147	Interpretation of provisions relating to the Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Article 214	High Court for each State	High Court
Article 215	High Courts to be Courts of Record	High Court
Article 216	Constitution of High Courts	High Court
Article 217	Appointment and conditions of the office of a High Court judge	High Court
Article 218	Application of certain Supreme Court provisions to High Courts	High Court
Article 219	Oath or affirmation by High Court judges	High Court
Article 220	Restriction on practice after being a permanent judge	High Court
Article 221	Salaries, etc., of High Court judges	High Court
Article 222	Transfer of a High Court judge	High Court
Article 223	Appointment of an acting Chief Justice	High Court
Article 224	Appointment of additional and acting judges	High Court
Article 224A	Appointment of retired judges at sittings of High Courts	High Court
Article 225	Jurisdiction of existing High Courts	High Court
Article 226	Power of High Courts to issue certain writs	High Court
Article 227	Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court	High Court
Article 228	Transfer of certain cases to the High Court	High Court
Article 229	Officers and servants of High Courts and expenses	High Court
Article 230	Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union Territories	High Court
Article 231	Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States or for States and a Union Territory	High Court

Exam Tip: A particularly important comparison is Article 32 vs Article 226. The Supreme Court exercises writ jurisdiction under Article 32 for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights, whereas High Courts have wider writ jurisdiction under Article 226, extending to Fundamental Rights as well as “any other purpose.”

Supreme Court vs High Court – Key Differences

Basis	Supreme Court of India	High Courts of India
Constitutional Provision	Articles 124–147	Articles 214–231
Position	It is the highest court in India.	It is the highest court at the State level, subject to the Supreme Court.
Head	The court is headed by the Chief Justice of India (CJI).	Each High Court is headed by a Chief Justice.
Appointment of Judges	Judges are appointed by the President of India under Article 124.	Judges are appointed by the President of India under Article 217, following the constitutional consultation process.
Retirement Age	Supreme Court judges retire at 65 years.	High Court judges retire at 62 years.
Court of Record	It is a Court of Record under Article 129.	Every High Court is a Court of Record under Article 215.
Writ Jurisdiction	Under Article 32, it issues writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.	Under Article 226, it can issue writs for Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose.
Original Jurisdiction	It has original jurisdiction in certain Union–State and inter-State disputes under Article 131.	Its original jurisdiction varies according to the Constitution and applicable laws.
Appellate Jurisdiction	It is the final appellate court in the Indian judicial system.	It hears appeals from subordinate courts within its jurisdiction.
Advisory Jurisdiction	The President may seek the Supreme Court's opinion under Article 143.	High Courts do not have a corresponding constitutional advisory jurisdiction.
Review Power	The Supreme Court can review its judgments under Article 137.	High Courts also have the power to review their judgments under applicable constitutional and legal provisions.
Superintendence	It does not exercise the specific Article 227 superintendence over subordinate courts; that power belongs to High Courts.	Under Article 227, it has superintendence over courts and tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction, subject to constitutional limitations.
Binding Nature of Decisions	Law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts in India under Article 141.	Decisions of a High Court generally bind courts and authorities within its jurisdiction, subject to decisions of the Supreme Court.
Special Leave to Appeal	The Supreme Court can grant Special Leave to Appeal under Article 136.	High Courts do not have the Article 136 power.
Territorial Jurisdiction	Its jurisdiction extends throughout India.	Its jurisdiction generally extends over the State or States/Union Territory assigned to it.
Transfer of Cases	The Supreme Court can transfer certain cases under Article 139A.	A High Court can transfer certain cases to itself under Article 228 when constitutional questions are involved.

Exam Tip

Remember these four important pairs:

• Article 129 → Supreme Court as Court of Record
• Article 215 → High Court as Court of Record
• Article 32 → Supreme Court's writ jurisdiction
• Article 226 → High Court's wider writ jurisdiction

Most Important Difference:
Article 32 is specifically for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights, whereas Article 226 gives High Courts a wider power to issue writs for Fundamental Rights and for other purposes.

Jurisdiction Explained – Supreme Court & High Courts

Jurisdiction means the legal authority of a court to hear, decide and dispose of a particular case. The Supreme Court and High Courts have different types of jurisdiction, and questions from this topic are common in Indian Polity and competitive examinations.

Type of Jurisdiction	Supreme Court of India	High Courts of India
Original Jurisdiction	The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in certain disputes between the Union and States or between States under Article 131.	High Courts have original jurisdiction in matters provided by the Constitution or applicable laws.
Writ Jurisdiction	Under Article 32, the Supreme Court can issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.	Under Article 226, High Courts can issue writs for Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose.
Appellate Jurisdiction	The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal and hears constitutional, civil and criminal appeals as provided by the Constitution and law.	High Courts hear appeals from subordinate courts and tribunals within their jurisdiction as provided by law.
Advisory Jurisdiction	Under Article 143, the President may refer certain questions of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court for its opinion.	High Courts do not have a corresponding advisory jurisdiction under the Constitution.
Special Leave Jurisdiction	Under Article 136, the Supreme Court may grant Special Leave to Appeal against judgments, decrees, orders or determinations of courts and tribunals in India, subject to constitutional limitations.	High Courts do not have the special constitutional power under Article 136.
Review Jurisdiction	Under Article 137, the Supreme Court can review its judgments or orders, subject to the Constitution and applicable rules.	High Courts can review their judgments and orders under the applicable constitutional and legal framework.
Transfer Jurisdiction	Under Article 139A, the Supreme Court can transfer certain cases from one High Court to another or withdraw certain cases involving substantially the same questions of law.	Under Article 228, a High Court may withdraw certain cases involving substantial questions of constitutional interpretation from subordinate courts.

1. Original Jurisdiction: 

Original jurisdiction means that a case can be filed directly before the court rather than reaching it through an appeal. The Supreme Court has a special original jurisdiction under Article 131 in certain disputes involving the Government of India and one or more States, or disputes between States, where the dispute involves a legal right. High Courts may also have original jurisdiction in specific matters depending on the Constitution and laws applicable to them.

2. Writ Jurisdiction

Writ jurisdiction is particularly important for examinations. Under Article 32, the Supreme Court can issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Under Article 226, High Courts can issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose. Therefore, the writ jurisdiction of High Courts is wider in scope than that of the Supreme Court under Articles 32 and 226.

The five constitutional writs are: Habeas Corpus • Mandamus • Prohibition • Certiorari • Quo Warranto

3. Appellate Jurisdiction

Appellate jurisdiction means the power of a higher court to hear an appeal against a decision of a lower court. The Supreme Court hears appeals from High Courts and other courts or tribunals in cases permitted by the Constitution and law. High Courts hear appeals from subordinate courts and tribunals within their jurisdiction according to applicable laws.

4. Advisory Jurisdiction

The Supreme Court has advisory jurisdiction under Article 143. The President may refer a question of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court for its opinion. High Courts do not have a corresponding advisory jurisdiction under the Constitution.

5. Special Leave to Appeal – Article 136

Article 136 gives the Supreme Court a special power to grant Special Leave to Appeal (SLP) against judgments, decrees, orders or determinations of courts and tribunals in India, subject to the constitutional provisions. This is an important topic for competitive examinations.

6. Review Jurisdiction

The Supreme Court can review its own judgments and orders under Article 137, subject to the Constitution and applicable rules. Similarly, High Courts can review their own judgments and orders under the applicable constitutional and legal provisions.

Exam Tip

Remember these important Article–Jurisdiction pairs:

• Article 131 → Original Jurisdiction of Supreme Court

• Article 136 → Special Leave to Appeal

• Article 137 → Review by Supreme Court

• Article 143 → Advisory Jurisdiction

• Article 32 → Writ Jurisdiction of Supreme Court

• Article 226 → Writ Jurisdiction of High Courts

• Article 227 → Superintendence of High Courts

• Article 139A → Transfer of certain cases by Supreme Court

• Article 228 → Transfer of certain cases to High Court

Writ Jurisdiction – Supreme Court vs High Court

Point	Supreme Court	High Court
Constitutional Article	Article 32	Article 226
Purpose	Enforcement of Fundamental Rights	Fundamental Rights and other legal purposes
Five Writs	Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto	Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto
Scope	Narrower in purpose because Article 32 is specifically for Fundamental Rights	Wider because Article 226 extends to “any other purpose”

Exam Tip

Article 32 → Supreme Court → Fundamental Rights
Article 226 → High Court → Fundamental Rights + Other Purposes

📚 Already Covered: For simple meanings and detailed explanations of the five writs, readers can refer to the Fundamental Rights of India post.

Appointment, Qualification & Removal of Judges

Basis	Supreme Court Judges	High Court Judges
Constitutional Article	Article 124	Article 217
Appointing Authority	Judges are appointed by the President of India.	Judges are appointed by the President of India.
Chief Justice Appointment	The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is appointed by the President.	The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President.
Other Judges	Other Supreme Court judges are appointed by the President after the constitutionally prescribed consultation process.	High Court judges are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court.
Minimum Age	The Constitution does not prescribe a minimum age for appointment.	The Constitution does not prescribe a minimum age for appointment.
Citizenship	The person must be a citizen of India.	The person must be a citizen of India.
Judicial Experience	Must have been a High Court judge for at least 5 years, or an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years, or be a distinguished jurist in the President's opinion.	Must have held a judicial office in India for at least 10 years, or must have been an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years.
Retirement Age	65 years	62 years
Resignation	A judge resigns by writing to the President of India.	A judge resigns by writing to the President of India.
Removal	Removed by the President after an address by both Houses of Parliament passed with the required special majority on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.	Removed in the same manner as a Supreme Court judge, by virtue of Article 218.
Removal Procedure	Governed by Article 124(4) and the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.	Governed through Article 217 read with Article 218 and the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.

Important Constitutional Provisions

• Article 124 – Establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court, including appointment and qualifications of its judges.

• Article 124(3) – Qualifications for appointment as a Supreme Court judge.

• Article 124(4) – Removal of a Supreme Court judge.

• Article 217 – Appointment and conditions of the office of a High Court judge.

• Article 218 – Applies certain provisions relating to removal of Supreme Court judges to High Court judges.

How Can a Judge Be Removed?

A Supreme Court or High Court judge cannot be removed simply by the President's decision. The Constitution provides that removal can take place on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. An address must first be passed by each House of Parliament with:

• a majority of the total membership of that House, and

• a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting.

After Parliament passes the address in the required manner, the President issues the order of removal.

Exam Tip

Supreme Court Judge → Retirement at 65 years
High Court Judge → Retirement at 62 years
SC Judge Qualification → Article 124(3)
HC Judge Qualification → Article 217(2)
SC Judge Removal → Article 124(4)
HC Judge Removal → Article 217 + Article 218
Final Removal Order → President
Grounds → Proved misbehaviour or incapacity
Parliamentary Requirement → Special majority in both Houses

Assam & Northeast

For candidates preparing for APSC, Assam Police, ADRE, SSC and other Northeast-focused competitive examinations, questions related to the Gauhati High Court and the judicial structure of Northeast India are particularly useful.

Topic	Important Fact
Name	Gauhati High Court
Established	5 April 1948
Constitutional Basis	It was established under the Government of India Act, 1935, before the Constitution came into force.
Location	Guwahati, Assam
Original Jurisdiction	Its jurisdiction originally covered the former Province of Assam and certain other areas as provided by law.
Present Jurisdiction	The Gauhati High Court has jurisdiction over Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh.
Importance	It is the common High Court for these four northeastern States.
Constitutional Provision	High Courts are dealt with mainly under Articles 214–231 of the Constitution.

Important Northeast Judicial Facts:

The Gauhati High Court is especially important for Northeast-related GK because it serves as the common High Court for:

• Assam

• Nagaland

• Mizoram

• Arunachal Pradesh

The other Northeastern States have their own separate High Courts:

• Tripura High Court – Agartala

• Meghalaya High Court – Shillong

• Manipur High Court – Imphal

• Sikkim High Court – Gangtok

Northeast Aspirants Tip

For Assam and Northeast-focused examinations, remember these important points:

Gauhati High Court → Guwahati → Jurisdiction: Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh

• The High Court of Assam was initially established at Shillong in 1948.
• It was later shifted to Guwahati in 1956.
• Separate High Courts for Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura came into existence in 2013.
• Following this reorganisation, the Gauhati High Court's jurisdiction was correspondingly revised.

Did You Know? – Interesting Facts About the Indian Judiciary

1. The Supreme Court Started in 1950

• The Supreme Court of India was inaugurated on 28 January 1950, just two days after India became a Republic.

2. The Supreme Court Was Not India's First Federal Court

• Before the Supreme Court was established, the Federal Court of India functioned from 1937 to 1950 under the Government of India Act, 1935.

3. The Supreme Court Is a Court of Record

• Article 129 declares the Supreme Court a Court of Record. It has the power to punish for contempt of itself.

4. High Courts Are Also Courts of Record

• Under Article 215, every High Court is a Court of Record and has the power to punish for contempt of itself.

5. High Courts Have Wider Writ Jurisdiction in Scope

• Article 32 empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs for enforcing Fundamental Rights, while Article 226 allows High Courts to issue writs for Fundamental Rights and other legal purposes.

6. The Supreme Court Can Advise the President

• Under Article 143, the President of India may refer certain questions of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court for its opinion.

7. The Supreme Court Can Review Its Own Decisions

• Article 137 gives the Supreme Court the power to review its judgments and orders, subject to the Constitution and applicable rules.

8. The Supreme Court Can Ensure Complete Justice

• Article 142 empowers the Supreme Court to pass orders necessary for doing complete justice in a matter pending before it.

9. High Courts Supervise the Subordinate Judiciary

• Under Article 227, High Courts exercise superintendence over courts and tribunals within their territorial jurisdiction, subject to constitutional limitations.

10. The Gauhati High Court Has a Special Place in Northeast India

• The Gauhati High Court serves Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh, making it especially important for Northeast-focused competitive examinations.

11. A Supreme Court Judge and a High Court Judge Have Different Retirement Ages

• Supreme Court judges retire at 65 years, while High Court judges retire at 62 years.

12. India Has Five Constitutional Writs

• The five writs are Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. They are important legal remedies for protecting rights and ensuring that public authorities and courts act within the law.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

The Supreme Court of India is the highest court in the country's judicial system. It protects the Constitution, interprets laws and hears appeals as provided by the Constitution and applicable laws.

Articles 124 to 147 of the Constitution of India deal mainly with the Supreme Court.

Articles 214 to 231 of the Constitution of India deal mainly with High Courts.

Supreme Court judges retire at the age of 65 years, while High Court judges retire at the age of 62 years.

Article 32 empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Article 226 empowers High Courts to issue writs for Fundamental Rights and for other legal purposes.

The five writs are Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto.

The Chief Justice of India retires at the age of 65 years, like other Supreme Court judges.

The Gauhati High Court has jurisdiction over Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh. It is particularly important for candidates preparing for Assam and Northeast competitive examinations.

Under Article 143, the President of India may refer certain questions of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court for its opinion.

A judge can be removed by the President on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity, after each House of Parliament passes an address with the constitutionally required special majority.

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